Factores de riesgo del cáncer de mama: una revisión sistemática y metaanálisis de estudios observacionales
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26871/killkana_salud.v9i3.1572Palabras clave:
Neoplasias de la Mama, Factores de Riesgo, Obesidad, Consumo de Bebidas Alcohólicas, Anticonceptivos OralesResumen
Introducción: El cáncer de mama es la neoplasia más común y una de las principales causas de mortalidad femenina a nivel mundial. Su etiología es multifactorial e involucra determinantes genéticos, hormonales, ambientales y conductuales. Metodología: Se realizó una revisión sistemática y metaanálisis conforme a la Declaración PRISMA 2020, mediante búsqueda en PubMed, Scopus y Web of Science. Se incluyeron estudios observacionales que evaluaron la asociación entre factores modificables y cáncer de mama en mujeres adultas. El riesgo de sesgo se estimó mediante la herramienta ROBINS-I. El análisis estadístico se efectuó mediante modelo de efectos aleatorios, expresando los resultados como odds ratio (OR) con intervalos de confianza del 95%. Resultados: Se incluyeron 14 estudios elegibles, la mayoría clasificados como de alta calidad (puntaje 11–14). Los metaanálisis revelaron asociaciones significativas entre obesidad (OR = 2.42; IC95% 1.68–3.48), consumo de alcohol (OR = 1.73; IC95% 1.29–2.31) y uso de anticonceptivos orales (OR = 2.04; IC95% 1.43–2.90) con el riesgo de cáncer de mama. La heterogeneidad observada se debió principalmente a diferencias en los métodos de medición y en los puntos de corte de exposición. Conclusiones: La evidencia indica que la obesidad, el consumo de alcohol y el uso prolongado de anticonceptivos orales son factores de riesgo significativos para el cáncer de mama, mientras que la actividad física ejerce un efecto protector.
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