Breast cancer risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.26871/killkana_salud.v9i3.1572Keywords:
Breast Neoplasms, Risk Factors, Obesity, Alcohol Drinking, Contraceptives OralAbstract
Introduction: Breast cancer is the most common neoplasm and one of the leading causes of female mortality worldwide. Its etiology is multifactorial and involves genetic, hormonal, environmental, and behavioral determinants. Methodology: A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted according to the PRISMA 2020 Statement, through searches in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Observational studies evaluating the association between modifiable factors and breast cancer in adult women were included. The risk of bias was assessed using the ROBINS-I tool. Statistical analysis was performed using a random-effects model, expressing results as odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI).
Results: Fourteen eligible studies were included, most of them classified as high quality (score 11–14). The meta-analyses revealed significant associations between obesity (OR = 2.42; 95% CI 1.68–3.48), alcohol consumption (OR = 1.73; 95% CI 1.29–2.31), and the use of oral contraceptives (OR = 2.04; 95% CI 1.43–2.90) with the risk of breast cancer. The observed heterogeneity was mainly due to differences in measurement methods and exposure cut-off points. Conclusions: The evidence indicates that obesity, alcohol consumption, and prolonged use of oral contraceptives are significant risk factors for breast cancer, while physical activity exerts a protective effect.
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